![]() ![]() ![]() Yet, when scaled to intermetaphyseal lengths, the midshaft rigidities of all three long bones are unexceptional for a Late Pleistocene or non-mechanized recent human infant. The percent cortical areas of its humerus and especially femur are average for its age, but its tibial one is unusually low. It lacks the mediolateral pubic elongation seen in some older Neandertals, its brachial index is average for a Late Pleistocene or recent human, and its femoral neck-shaft angle is low for its developmental age. ![]() The infant resembles (most) older Neandertals in its scapular dorsal sulcus axillary border, medially oriented radial tuberosity, radial curvature, large pollical opponens flange, and low crural index. Based on long bone lengths, it should have been 4–6 months old at death, of indeterminate sex. The appendicular skeleton (scapula, humerus, ulnae, radii, metacarpals, pollical phalanges, hip bone, femora, tibiae and fibula) of the Neandertal infant from Kiik-Koba (Crimea), Kiik-Koba 2, are reassessed in the context of Late Pleistocene archaic and modern human infant remains. The archaeological evidence from Cova Negra indicates sporadic, short-term occupations of the site, suggesting a high degree of mobility among Neandertals. The recognition of diagnostic Neandertal features in several of the specimens, as well as their western European context and late Pleistocene age, suggests that all the human remains from Cova Negra represent Neandertals. Children younger than 10 years of age constitute four of the seven minimum number of individuals in the sample, and this relative abundance of children at Cova Negra is similar that in to other Neandertal sites in Europe and southwest Asia. The new specimens include cranial and postcranial elements from immature individuals and provide an opportunity to study the ontogenetic appearance of adult Neandertal characteristics in this Pleistocene population. The new specimens significantly augment the sample of human remains from this site and make Cova Negra one of the richest human paleontological sites on the Iberian Peninsula. ![]() New Neandertal fossils from the Mousterian site of Cova Negra in the Valencia region of Spain are described, and a comprehensive study of the entire human fossil sample is provided. ![]()
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